Transapical aortic valve-in-valve implantation using a 'partially inflated valvuloplasty balloon' for valve recovery out of the left ventricle.

Assessment of FTR is challenging due to the complex anatomy of both the TV and the RV. However, identification of the mechanism of regurgitation, reliable grading of its severity, accurate quantitative data about extent of TV tethering, TA dilatation, and RV enlargement are crucial for selecting patients who may benefit of early surgical repair and tailor the intervention in order to avoid progression to right-heart failure. Finally, a better understanding of FTR pathophysiology and anatomy will provide the bases for developing percutaneous procedures to treat TR in high-risk surgical candidates.